Prototype superfluid gravitational wave detector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study a cross-shaped cavity filled with superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ as a prototype resonant-mass gravitational wave detector. Using a membrane and a reentrant microwave cavity as a sensitive optomechanical transducer, we were able to observe the thermally excited high-$Q$ acoustic modes of the helium at 20 mK temperature and achieved a strain sensitivity of $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ to gravitational waves. To facilitate the broadband detection of continuous gravitational waves, we tune the kilohertz-scale mechanical resonance frequencies up to $173\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}/\mathrm{bar}$ by pressurizing the helium. With reasonable improvements, this architecture will enable the search for gravitational waves in the $1--30\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kHz}$ range, relevant for a number of astrophysical sources both within and beyond the Standard Model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".