Exposure to Simulated Microgravity Affects Development of the Skull in Danio rerio
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine how exposure to simulated microgravity (SMG) affects development of the skull, zebrafish embryos were exposed to SMG starting at one of three developmental stages: 10, 12 or 14 hours post‐fertilization. Juvenile and adult fish were analyzed after exposure to SMG using whole‐mount staining and geometric morphometrics. Fish were examined for changes in melanophore surface area and number, in addition to changes in skull morphology. Analyses reveal an overall decrease in the surface area of melanophores and an increase in melanophore number over the period of a week in experimental and control groups; with significant differences in the number of melanophores on the first day after exposure. These effects are short‐term and do not persist in adults. Gross morphological analyses of whole‐mount stained adults, however, identified buckling in several (but not all) craniofacial bones. In conclusion, exposure to SMG affects both skeletal tissues and pigmentation in the head. These results will be discussed in context of germ layer origin. This is the first study examining the long‐term effects of exposure to SMG on zebrafish and provides valuable insight into phenotypic variation. Grant Funding Source : NSERC, Canada; and CSA, Canada
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".