Evaluation of flow liquefaction and liquefied strength using the cone penetration test: an update
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A method to evaluate the susceptibility of soils to undrained strength loss that could result in flow liquefaction as well as a method to estimate the resulting liquefied undrained shear strength of predominately sand-like soils using the cone penetration test (CPT) were outlined by Robertson in 2010. Based on published data and recent case histories, this technical note describes a recommended update to these methods to estimate the large-strain liquefied or remolded undrained shear strength for both sand-like and clay-like soils as well as soils that transition from sand-like to clay-like. The proposed update acknowledges that soil behavior can vary from sand-like to clay-like and that CPT interpretation to estimate large-strain undrained shear strength changes due to the changing drainage conditions during the CPT. The updated method builds upon previously published data combined with recent experience and case histories.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".