Is the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors a Predisposing Factor for Pyogenic Liver Abscesses?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increase gastric pH by reducing acid production. The resulting alkaline milieu in the stomach increases the risk of bacterial translocation. This study aimed to investigate if there is a correlation between PPI use and developing pyogenic liver abscesses. METHODS: In this retrospective case-control analysis, we studied adult patients diagnosed with cryptogenic liver abscess at Northwell hospitals between 2015 and 2019. Adult patients with the diagnosis of liver abscess were included. We excluded patients with history of liver abscess prior to admission, biliary disease, hepatobiliary malignancy, or intra-abdominal infections. A group of randomly selected patients without liver abscess from the same hospitals' database were enrolled as the control group. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: was the most common pathogen. PPI use was associated with an increased risk of developing a first episode of pyogenic liver abscess in univariate (odds ratio (OR): 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.70 - 3.27), and multivariate analysis (adjusted OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.55 - 3.32). CONCLUSION: This study is the first US population-based analysis to demonstrate that PPI use is associated with increased risk of developing pyogenic liver abscesses. Further prospective studies are needed to shed more light on this association and better evaluate the impact of dose and duration of PPI exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".