RGDSK Peptide Functionalized Helical Rosette Nanotubes (RGDSK‐HRNs) Inhibit <i>E. coli</i> Adherence to Jejunal Epithelium by Blocking Integrin αvβ3
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is an ongoing effort to find ways to reduce the intestinal colonization of pathogens in both animals and humans. Integrin αvβ3, recognizing arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) sequences, has important functions in cell adhesion, signaling, and survival. However, the role of this protein in the adhesion of bacteria, particularly E. coli to the jejunum, remain elusive. Therefore, to explore the expression of integrin αvβ3 and its role in interaction with a novel treatment ‐ RGDSK‐HRNs in E. coli binding, we performed a series of experiments using porcine jejunum, intestinal porcine epithelial 1 cell line (IPEC1) and E. coli K88. Immunohistochemistry staining results showed that the normal porcine jejunum strongly expressed integrin αvβ3 on the nucleus and apical surface of epithelium and gland cells. The expression of integrin αvβ3 decreased in the epithelium of the jejunum infected with E. coli or E. coli associated with Salmonella . Using immune‐gold staining with the integrin αvβ3 antibody, we recognized that integrin αvβ3 was expressed on the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus of IPEC1. In the porcine jejunum, integrin αvβ3 was also found in epithelial microvilli. Immuno‐precipitation and western blot data showed that the expression of integrin αvβ3 on IPEC1 decreased at 15 minutes but returned to normal after 90 minutes of infection with E. coli K88 (P<0.05). We also found that the E. coli K88 had a protein‐like integrin αvβ3. In this study, we reported that dose‐dependent RGDSK‐HRNs mediated the attachment of E. coli to IPEC1 (P<0.001). Interestingly, RGDSK‐HRNs slightly induced IPEC1 apoptosis compared to the normal untreated group but significantly enhanced the survival of IPEC1 upon E. coli infection compared to the E. coli infection group (P<0.05). Data from binding assays on 96‐well plates showed that the number of E. coli binding on the integrin αvβ3 coated wells was significantly higher than that binding on uncoated ones with the same dose of E. coli (P<0.05). We then performed ex‐vivo villus adhesion assays on scraped villi from porcine jejunum. Data showed that in F4 receptor positive villi, RGDSK‐HRNs significantly reduced the number of adhering E. coli up to 12 hours compared with the E. coli ‐only challenging group (P<0.05). Both RGDSK peptide and monoclonal antibody anti integrin αvβ3 control groups remained effective in inhibiting the E. coli binding to villi up to 24 hours. Confocal images confirmed the binding of RGDSK‐HRNs‐FITC to both villi and E. coli . These are the first data to show the role for the integrin αvβ3 in the adherence of E. coli to the intestinal epithelium, and that novel RGDSK‐HRNs, a potential alternative to antibiotics, can inhibit the attachment of E. coli to the intestinal epithelium. Support or Funding Information We thank the Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund (ADF); the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC); Graduate Student Scholarship from Integrated Training Program in Infectious Disease, Food Safety and Public Policy (ITraP); Devolved Graduate Scholarship from Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences; and Graduate Student Scholarship from Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada for supporting this research. We thank Professor Douglas Call at Washington State University, USA. for pFPV::td tomato plasmid gift; Ms. LaRhonda Sobchishin, Ms. Eiko Kawamura, and Dr. Abdul Lone at the University of Saskatchewan for technical support. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".