Importance of fiber type and contractile activity to autophagic protein expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Autophagy is a proteolytic pathway that functions within cells to degrade damaged or dysfunctional organelles, and to remove harmful protein aggregates. Recently, this intracellular signaling pathway was shown to be involved in the regulation of muscle mass, and it is known that muscle fiber types appear to atrophy at different rates. To examine whether this is related to oxidative capacity, we investigated the levels of autophagic proteins in various fiber types (soleus, plantaris, and heart), in response to a 9 week voluntary wheel training protocol, or to unilateral chronic muscle stimulation (CCA, 10Hz, 3h/day, 7 days). Beclin-1 and LC3II protein expression was highest in muscles possessing a high oxidative capacity (heart) and lowest in the least oxidative plantaris muscle. In response to training and CCA, mitochondrial content increased by 35–40%. The autophagic proteins ATG7, ULK1, LC3II and Beclin1 were elevated 2- to 3-fold following CCA, but were not significantly elevated following 9 weeks of training. Therefore, these data demonstrate a relationship between muscle oxidative capacity and autophagic protein expression under steady state conditions, but also indicate that autophagy may be an early event in the muscle remodeling that occurs with exercise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".