<i>Francisella</i> bacteria encode genes required for efficient invasion and intracellular replication in hepatocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a bacterium that can cause up to 60% mortality in humans. These microbes carry a cluster of conserved genes present in all F. tularensis subspecies called the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI). Within the FPI, iglB , iglC , pdpA and vgrG genes are important for intracellular macrophage survival and virulence; yet, their role in epithelial cell infections, a major contributor to the progression of disease, is unclear. Given that F. tularensis uses dissimilar mechanisms to enter different cell types, we hypothesized that FPI genes play a crucial role in bacterial entry into epithelial cells. To test this hypothesis, BNL CL.2 hepatocytes were infected with F. novicida for up to 48 h. Detailed microscopic examination and gentamicin protection assay revealed that Δ iglB , Δ iglC , Δ vgrG , Δ pdpA Francisella mutants were invasion and replication deficient. We showed that gene complementation restored intracellular growth. Our data suggest that IglB, IglC, PdpA and VgrG are important for hepatocyte infections, as they are vital for efficient invasion and intracellular proliferation. Grant Funding Source : NSERC, CIHR
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".