The Embodiment of Power as Forward/Backward Movement in Chinese and English Speakers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In two experiments, we examined whether POWER is embodied in terms of horizontal forward and backward movement using an action compatibility task. Participants were asked to categorize power-related words (e.g., “boss”, “intern”) aseither “powerful” or “powerless” as quickly and accurately as possible. In the compatible condition, the response to indicate that the word was “powerful” involved a forward movement and the response to indicate “powerless” involved a backward movement. Under incompatible conditions, these responses were reversed (“powerful”-backward/“powerless”-forward). In both experiments, participants were faster to categorize the words when the response actions were compatible than incompatible. Furthermore, this compatibility effect was observed for both Chinese (Mandarin) speakers categorizing Chinese words and English speakers categorizing English words. These data suggest that the psychological reality of a “POWER IS MOVING FORWARD” conceptual metaphor in both language groups, which we argue is based on an extension of the “SOURCE-PATH-GOAL” schema.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".