Inhibiting the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) with Proximal Cations: A Strategy for Promoting Selective Electrocatalytic Reduction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most electrochemical reduction reactions require protons; however, direct reduction of protons to hydrogen is a common competitive side reaction that lowers the overall yield (Faradaic efficiency) for the desired product. Inhibition of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by fixed, proximal mono- or dication is reported. An SNS tridentate ligand with a pendant aza-crown functionality and the corresponding Pd(II) and Rh(I) complexes were synthesized. For the Pd complexes, the presence of a Na+ or Ba2+ ion in the aza-crown increases the overpotential for hydrogen evolution by up to 260 mV compared to a congener that lacks an aza-crown. The increase in the overpotential for HER was observed with cationic and neutral acids in both acetonitrile and dimethylformamide. Additionally, for the Pd complexes, the inclusion of a Ba2+ ion into the aza-crown modestly improved the selectivity for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO, whereas H2 was the only product for the congener lacking the aza-crown. The Ba2+-containing complex also had improved catalytic stability, although all complexes were ultimately unstable under prolonged electrolytic conditions. The increase in the overpotential for HER through the installation of a local charge exemplifies an effective catalyst design strategy for inhibiting the hydrogen evolution reaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".