Chondroitin Sulfate Pharmacological Activity from Four Different Sources in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan and a well‐known component of cartilage extracellular matrix, which has been shown to have clinical benefit in symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) and data suggest to be a modulating agent of joint inflammation. CS is generally produced by means of extraction from different animal tissues (bovine, porcine and marine cartilage). Because of differences in CS in terms of source, purity, quality and the production/purification process, we compared the effects of CS from four different sources on the function of human OA chondrocytes. Methods Experiments were carried out on human OA chondrocytes obtained from knee patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (n=8). Four different CS products were tested: CS#1, which is a high purity CS (98–100%) of bovine origin (Sioux Pharm Inc., Sioux Center, IA, US) and CS#2, CS#3 and CS#4, which are of lower purity and from other animal sources, CS#2 and CS#4, porcine; CS#3, avian. Determination of protein production of metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 and MMP‐3, interleukin (IL)‐6 and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) was performed on the conditioned medium using specific ELISAs. All determinations were performed in duplicate. Results CS#2 and CS#3 upregulated MMP‐1 (p=0.002, p=0.004) and CS#2 and CS#4, MMP‐3 (p=0.008, p=0.037). IL‐6 was also increased by CS#2, CS#3 and CS#4 (p=0.008, p=0.007, p=0.014). For PGE 2 production, as the values were too low and unreliable without an inducer, the experiment was done only in the presence of IL‐1b (100 pg/ml), which greatly increased the value (absence of IL‐1b, 0.98±0.08 pg/mg protein; presence of IL‐1b, 42.18±10.80 pg/mg protein; p=0.007). CS#1 was the only one to significantly reduce PGE 2 levels (p=0.035). In the presence of IL‐1b, CS#1 was also the only compound to show a trend toward significance (p=0.062) in reducing IL‐6 production. Conclusions Data showed that the three CS from non‐bovine origins increased an inflammatory factor in human OA chondrocytes, as well as upregulated the production of two catabolic factors. In contrast, CS of higher purity and coming from bovine source showed anti‐inflammatory properties as it reduced PGE 2 and IL‐6 levels, even in the presence of IL‐1b. Therefore, the source/nature of these products could contribute to the overall biological and pharmacological effects of these agents in the symptomatic treatment of OA, compromising the safety and efficacy of the final products. Support or Funding Information Supported by BIOIBÉRICA, S.A.U., Barcelona, Spain. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".