Regulation of intestinal lipid synthesis, apolipoprotein biogenesis and lipoprotein assembly by retinoic acid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retinoids are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. Their deficiency can adversely affect health, as evidenced by various clinical signs. Even if retinoids play a critical role in a variety of essential life processes, their regulatory effects on intestinal lipid transport remain obscure. Since significant advances have documented the ability of retinoids to arrest or reverse the process of carcinogenesis, we hypothesize that retinoic acid (RA) is able to modulate intestinal cell differentiation and function, including HDL formation. Our results revealed that RA was more active in inhibiting proliferation and inducing differentiation of Caco‐2 cells in culture. Evidence was also presented to suggest that phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K) was increased, which subsequently enhanced the expression of enterocyte markers, cell polarization and brush‐border formation. Furthermore, the addition of RA to Caco‐2 cells for 4h in the presence of [35S]‐methionine substantially elicited apolipoprotein (apo) A‐I biogenesis, reflecting an augmentation of HDL particles. However, the incubation of Caco‐2 cells for longer periods (12–24h) with RA did not result in raised levels of lipid esterification (triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesteryl esters), apo synthesis (A‐I, A‐IV, B‐48) and lipoprotein packaging (chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL). Overall, our findings propose that RA regulates intestinal cell differentiation and stress the rapid apo A‐I production, probably via the induction of nuclear receptors, such as RAR and RXR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".