Impact of Enteral Supplementation in Human Milk on Lipid Oxidation and Redox Balance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species may be linked to the etiology of neonatal diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis and respiratory distress syndrome. Iron and vitamin C enteral supplements for premature infants (PT) added to human milk (HM) may induce lipid oxidation due to free radical formation. We hypothesized that these supplements added to HM causes oxidation of milk fats in vitro, and affects intracellular redox balance. We further hypothesized that these supplements induce oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis. Lipid peroxidation in HM was measured by Fox‐2 and TBARS assays; fatty acid composition of supplemented HM was measured by gas chromatography. Two cell culture bioassays were used to determine the effects of iron and vitamin C supplementation; FHs‐74 Int cells, a primary fetal intestinal culture, and Caco‐2BBe intestinal cells, a secondary differentiated cell. Lipid oxidation products increased after the addition of iron in HM. This was accompanied by reduced content of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids in HM. Vitamin C and iron admixtures in HM led to lower peroxides than iron alone in HM, contrary to expectations. The vitamins A and D (examined to study components of TRIVISOL, Mead Johnson, Evansville, USA) exhibited antioxidant activity in this study. Iron induced significant intracellular oxidative stress in FHs‐74 Int cells and also increased DNA damage and apoptosis. We conclude that iron supplementation has the potential to cause formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) both in HM and in cells exposed to iron supplemented milk. These effects in turn may increase oxidative stress in PT infants. Supported by Manitoba Institute of Child Health and Canadian Institutes of Health Research
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".