The Effects of Subconcussive Impacts on Heart Rate Variability In Female Youth Soccer Players
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background ANS function can be measured noninvasively and relatively inexpensively through heart rate variability (HRV). Reduced HRV is representative of an uncoupling between the ANS and cardiovascular system, which may be proportional to the severity of a neurological injury. Reduced HRV has been observed in patients diagnosed with a sport‐related concussion, and therefore may be a useful outcome measure in identifying the chronic effects of heading during a youth soccer season. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of one season of competitive soccer, with the inherent subconcussive header impacts, on autonomic function in female youth soccer players. Participants Twenty‐three female youth soccer players (13.4 ± 0.84 years old) were recruited from three competitive soccer teams. Methods The number of headers performed during the season were quantified using game video analysis. Players that performed fewer than the average number of headers (20) at the end of the season were classified into the “low header” group ( N =13), while players with 20 or more headers at the end of the season were classified into the “high header” group ( N =10). A five‐minute resting electrocardiogram data was collected from all players at baseline and post‐season. These data were analyzed using a two‐way mixed ANOVA in order to calculate heart rate variability time‐domain and frequency‐domain measures, which included mean heart rate, standard deviation of the N‐N interval, total power, low frequency, high frequency, and low to high frequency ratio (LF/HF). Results There was a statistically significant interaction between time and group for LF/HF from preseason (6.24 ± 5.77; 2.96 ± 1.81) to postseason (6.79 ± 6.75; 1.90 ± 1.02) in the low and high header groups, respectively ( p =.024, partial h 2 =0.313). There were no other statistically significant changes in HRV for any other time or frequency domain outcome measure. Conclusion Our preliminary findings indicate that the LF/HF in the high header group differed from the low header group over the course of a soccer season. This may indicate that an increased number of chronic head impacts might result in an imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, which would signify an alteration in autonomic function. These preliminary results demonstrate that additional research is needed in order to further understand the effects of heading on ANS function. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".