Stewart‐Treves syndrome and other cutaneous malignancies in the context of chronic lymphedema: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Angiosarcoma developing in chronically lymphedematous tissue, or Stewart-Treves syndrome (STS), is a rare and lethal complication of lymphedema. This systematic review summarizes characteristics and outcomes of STS and other cutaneous malignancies arising in chronic lymphedema. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched on February 19th, 2021, to identify 200 articles included in the analysis. RESULTS: Of 369 included patients, 89.7% (n = 331/369) had STS and 10.3% (n = 38/369) had other associated malignancies. Mean age of onset was 61.2 years, and 85.9% (n = 317/369) of cases were female. Common risk factors were previous cancer history (69.8%, n = 258/369) and radiation history (53.7%, n = 198/369). Lymphedema was most commonly attributed to surgical causes (68.3%, n = 252/369). STS begins on average 14.9 years after lymphedema with mortality of 53.9% (n = 178/331) and remission rate of 16.1% (n = 53/331). Other malignancies begin on average 23.7 years after lymphedema, with mortality of 10.5% (n = 4/38) and remission rate of 31.6% (n = 12/38). STS and other malignancies had 5-year survivals of 22.4% and 65.2%, respectively (P = 0.00145). For all patients, patients initially treated with excision had the best survival (median: 48 months, 5-year survival: 43.3%) and radiotherapy had the worst survival (median: 10 months, 5-year survival: 6.5%) (P = 0.0141). CONCLUSION: Malignancy can appear in lymphedematous tissue many years after lymphedema onset. STS has poorer prognosis compared to other malignancies. Further research should be conducted to better understand the causes, risk factors, and management of this phenomenon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".