Quantitative assessment and impact of thermal treatment on quality of Holstein dairy cattle colostrum immunoglobulin and viscosity
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BackgroundBovine postpartum colostrum delivers a vital source of immunoglobulins (Igs) and other non-specific immune factors for passive transfer of immunity to newborn calves. Heat treatment of colostrum is an effective practice to reduce potential pathogens that can be transmitted to the newborn calves. Therefore, there is a need to determine optimized temperature and time that can minimally change IgG concentration and the viscosity (consistency) of colostrum. In order to preserve the quality and value of bovine postpartum colostrum, this study aimed to determine the IgG concentration, influence of different thermal treatments on the quality of colostrum and other properties including viscosity, fat and color.ResultsA total of 40 German Holstein dairy cattle first colostrum samples, collected after birth, were evaluated for color gradation, fat (%), colostrum IgG (mg mL-1), IgG (%Brix) and refractive index (nD) concentration, visual and dynamic viscosity and impact of different treatments (60 °C/60 min; 63.5°C/30 min and 72.0°C/15 s) on the viscosity. The color was graded from white-pale yellow to yellow and dark-yellowish, fat (1.4 - 8.2%) and IgG concentration (4 - 116 mg mL-1), Brix (8.5% - 35.4% Brix) and nD (1.3454 - 1.3905), respectively. The visual viscosity of first colostrum was classified into watery, liquid and thick consistency, whereas the dynamic viscosity and treated colostrum ranged from <10 to 219 and <10 to 3066 centipoise (cP), respectively. The consistency of treated samples were classified into liquid, thick and solid with significant change in the dynamic viscosity.ConclusionData revealed significant variation in the IgG values where both measurement methods showed high congruence with IgG classification. Due to the fact that individual IgG values were disparate, this significantly affected the colostrum consistency with different treatments. The study showed that colostrum containing IgG ≤80 mg mL-1 and ≤68 mg mL-1 treated at 60°C for 60 min and 63.5°C for 30 min showed a slight to moderate change in the consistency which suggests that these two temperatures and lengths of time that had a minimal impact on the consistency can be used to pasteurize colostrum.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it