Swiss Emissions of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases derived from Atmospheric Measurements at Beromünster
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synthetic halocarbons reach the atmosphere due to a wide range of anthropogenic activities. They are, for example, used as propellants in foam blowing or as cooling agents in refrigeration and air conditioning. Long-lived halocarbons act as strong greenhouse gases. They are responsible for about 11% of the radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs). In addition, chlorinated or brominated halocarbons contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion. There are only two in situ long-term measurement programs, operated by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that monitor the worldwide abundance of halocarbons in the atmosphere. Based on these observations, halocarbon emissions are estimated by top-down box- or inverse modelling approaches on a global to transnational scale. However, to capture regional pollution sources and to validate country-specific bottom-up emission estimates by top-down methods, additional regional-scale measurements are required. We present the first continuous halocarbon measurements at the Beromünster tall tower, representing the most industrialized and densely populated area of Switzerland, the Swiss Plateau. During one year, high precision, high accuracy atmospheric measurements were performed with the analytical setup of the global AGAGE network. This involves sample pre-concentration at low temperatures (down to -180 oC), and analyte separation and detection by gas chromatography and quadrupole mass spectrometry. All halocarbon compound classes of the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols are covered by our measurements. This includes the banned chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons, the regulated hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs), as well as the recently introduced unregulated hydrochfluoroolefins (HFOs). The results improve our understanding of important source areas in Switzerland, and, for the first time offer the possibility to robustly quantify Swiss national halocarbon emissions with observation-based top-down methods, i.e. the tracer ratio method and Bayesian inverse modeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".