Unidirectional and bidirectional vasodilatory responses to single and multiple dilators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dilatory responses to skeletal muscle contraction over time may be the product of a combination of multiple dilators (e.g. nitric oxide (NO), K ATP activation, and adenosine (ADO)) in varying concentrations. To better understand the vascular responses to dilators relevant in muscle contraction we examined hamster cremaster arteriolar dilations (max. diameter approx. 40um) in situ to micropipette application of either 10 −6 M or 10 −5 M pinacidil (PIN, a K ATP channel opener), 10 −3 M or 10 −4 M ADO, 10 −4 M or 10 −5 M sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an NO donor), or a combination of 10 −5 M PIN and 10 −4 M ADO. Arteriolar diameters were measured at the site of application (local) and at sites 500um upstream and 500um downstream. 10 −6 M PIN produced local, upstream and downstream responses (2.8±0.6, 2.1±0.5, 1.5±0.6um respectively) and each dilation was larger in response to 10 −5 M PIN (5.9±0.9, 3.8±1.3, 4.2±0.9um). 10 −4 M ADO produced local and upstream but no significant downstream dilations (4.9±0.7, 1.7±0.3, 0.4±0.3um), however, 10 −3 M ADO produced significant dilations at all three sites (16.9±2.2, 4.7±1.0, 4.2±1.2um). 10 −5 M SNP resulted in a local dilation only (10.4+2.3um) but 10 −4 M SNP produced dilations at all three sites (5.9±0.9, 3.8±1.3, 4.2±0.9um). The combination of 10 −4 M ADO and 10 −5 M PIN resulted in local, upstream and downstream dilations of 10.0±3.5, 8.8±1.6, 7.4±1.6um, but upstream and downstream responses were larger than the sum of the dilations from each dilator applied individually. Therefore, vasodilatory responses differ depending on the dilator and its concentration and the presence of other dilators. This study was supported by NSERC and PREA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".