Aerosol and Gas Phase Concentrations from an Adapted Annular Denuder System in a Broiler Housing Facility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Highlights An adapted annular denuder system (ADS) was implemented in a broiler facility to measure secondary aerosols. Results show that secondary aerosols were not always associated with ammonium or ammonia. Chloride aerosols were significant in comparison to other species and were present at consistent concentrations. This study concludes that the chloride source was the feed in the feeding pans. Abstract. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is present in animal housing facilities from both primary and secondary sources. Measuring secondary aerosols in harsh environments with high gas and particulate concentrations, such as poultry housing facilities, is an ongoing challenge. This study presents the results from the implementation of an adapted annular denuder system (ADS) used to measure secondary PM2.5 from inside a broiler facility in Ontario, Canada. Results from this work show that secondary aerosols formed the majority of total PM2.5 during the early portion of the growth cycle. It was further determined that the ion balance between ammonium and anions was not consistent, leading to the conclusion that a significant portion of the aerosol species are associated with a previously unidentified source that is not necessarily due to secondary reactions. Keywords: Ammonia, Annular denuder system, Particulate matter, Poultry, Secondary aerosols.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".