A Survey of 25 Years' Transpolar Voltage Data From the SuperDARN Radar Network and the Expanding‐Contracting Polar Cap Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We use 214,410 hourly observations of transpolar voltage, Φ PC , from 25 years' observations by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars to confirm the central tenet of the expanding‐contracting polar cap model of ionospheric convection that Φ PC responds to both dayside and nightside reconnection voltages (Φ D and Φ N ). We show that Φ PC not only increases at a fixed level of the nightside auroral electrojet AL index with increasingly southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) (identifying the well‐known effect of Φ D on Φ PC ) but also with increasingly negative AL at a fixed southward IMF (identifying a distinct effect of Φ N on Φ PC ). We also study the variation of Φ PC with time elapsed since the IMF last pointed southward, Δt , and show that low/large values occur when (− AL ) is small/large. Lower numbers of radar echoes, n e , mean that the “map‐potential” reanalysis technique used to derive Φ PC is influenced by the model used: we present a sensitivity study of the effect of the threshold of n e required to avoid this. We show that for any threshold n e , Φ PC falls to about 15 kV for Δ t greater than about 15 h, indicating any viscous‐like voltage Φ V is considerably smaller than this. It is shown that both Φ PC and (− AL ) increase with increased solar wind dynamic pressure p SW , but not as much as the midlatitude geomagnetic index am . We conclude p SW increases both Φ D and Φ N through increasing the magnetic shear across the relevant current sheet but has a larger effect on midlatitude geomagnetic indices because of the effect of additional energy stored in the tail lobes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".