Identification of lung priming area in frog brainstem, adjacent to the lung oscillator, distinct from the buccal oscillator: homologous to RTN/pFRG?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Data from mammals and frogs suggest tetrapods have an anatomically‐discrete inspiratory oscillator, necessary and sufficient for expression of the powerstroke phase of lung inflation (preBötzinger Complex in mammals; Lung Area in frogs). In mammals a second Pre‐Inspiratory / late‐phase expiratory oscillator has been hypothesized; this oscillator likely resides in the retrotrapezoid/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG) and is “conditional”, recruited during high respiratory demand. In isolated frog brainstems, lung bursts often have a powerstroke and priming phase. Though the priming phase is always observed with a subsequent powerstroke, the priming phase is “conditional”: powerstrokes can occur without a priming phase. Here we identify a region of the frog brainstem necessary and sufficient for the priming phase. This priming area is adjacent to the area that produces the powerstroke (between CNVII‐IX) and distinct from the buccal area (caudal of CN X). Using AMPA microinjections to locally excite the priming area, we demonstrate ectopic priming bursts uncoupled from powerstroke bursts. We propose the priming and powerstroke areas are homologous to the PreI and PreBötC, respectively. We further postulate that rhombomeric differences may be explained by a “gene cassette” for air breathing rhythmogenesis, turned on in different rhombomeres in different clades. Work funded by NSERC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".