Use of X-ray computed tomography for studying the desiccation cracking and self-healing of fine soil during drying–wetting paths
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge is an efficient approach using surface water for groundwater recharge. However, soil clogging in the infiltration systems represents a critical problem that reduces the efficiency of recharge systems. In recent years, much research has been conducted to investigate clogging in subsurface and surface soil (cake). Cake prevents infiltration into the water table and can drastically reduce the recharge rate. In arid and semi-arid areas, alternation of humid and dry seasons has an effect on cake cracking. In the present research, the propagation of desiccation cracking and self-healing of unconsolidated soil (cake), placed in Plexiglas columns, was investigated using X-ray computed tomography (CT) during drying–wetting (DW) paths. The results showed that during the drying path, cracks initiated at the base of the soil by friction with the bottom of the column and then propagated to the top surface of the cake. As the drying time increased, evaporation at the top surface led to more cracks growing from the surface than from the bottom of the cake. However, the cracks at the bottom tended to stabilize because the water content was greater than at the top surface. The initiation, propagation, and expansion of the cracks developed in the saturated condition of the cake. During the wetting path, some cracks were closed while others appeared. The cracks tended to close progressively with wetting time, highlighting the self-healing phenomenon, probably due to the high plasticity index of cake soil. The results showed that cake swelling is mainly related to an increase of the void ratio due to a decrease in suction between particles. The results demonstrate the capacity of the X-ray CT technique to investigate the evolution of cracks during DW paths.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".