The metabolomic signature of <i>Giardia</i> sp.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite responsible for giardiasis, a parasitic disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption, diarrhea, weight loss and abdominal pain. The pathophysiological processes occurring during giardiasis involve epithelial abnormalities, mucus depletion and microbiota disruption, however the mechanisms are poorly understood. Upon infection, Giardia , which has a minimal biosynthetic capacity, compete locally with the commensal microbiome for nutrients and ecological niches in the duodenum. AIM In this context, we performed a metabolomic study to characterize the nutritional requirements and the secretome of several Giardia strains, isolated from human patients (assemblages A and B), outbreaks, as well as a variety of mammals. METHODS The metabolomic profiles of Giardia sp. isolates were determined using mass spectrometry. Trophozoites were grown to confluence in MTYI media and supernatants were collected at different time points (3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours) and mixed with ice cold methanol. Methanolic extracts were analyzed by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography mass spectrometry and resolved by Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. RESULTS We identified a multitude of produced and consumed compounds such as amino acids, nucleic acid precursors, protein catabolism precursors, as well as carbohydrates and energy metabolites. Interestingly, nutrition requirements of Giardia trophozoites are significantly different between isolates, both intra and inter‐assemblages. For instance, isolate WB6 (assemblage A) is more auxotrophic for arginine than GSM strain (assemblage B), while GSM strain requires more inosine, uridine and as paragine than other isolates. CONCLUSION This study gives insight into how Giardia survives the host's intestinal tract and shows strain specific metabolomic signatures. A metabolomic approach may further help to understand the impact of nutritional modulation by Giardia trophozoites on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Support or Funding Information Grant support: University of Calgary Eyes High postdoctoral fellowship This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".