Bifunctionality of a MoS<sub>2</sub>-Amorphous Silica–Alumina-Dispersed Catalyst for Slurry-Phase Hydroconversion: Effect of Acid and Hydrogenating Site Ratios
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To achieve maximum yield from bifunctional catalysts in slurry-phase hydrocracking of heavy oil, an appropriate balance between the acidic and hydrogenating functions of the catalyst is required. In this study, the bifunctional behavior of MoS2-amorphous silica–alumina (ASA) catalysts was investigated by varying the number of Brønsted acid sites (ηH+) and MoS2 edge sites (ηMo) associated with ASA and MoS2, respectively. Using a model feed consisting of phenanthrene and decalin, we report evidence of bifunctional catalysis for MoS2-ASA catalysts with ηH+/ηMo ratios between 3.1 and 15.5. Deviations from bifunctional behavior were also observed: at a low ηH+/ηMo ratio (0.39), phenanthrene hydrogenation was preferred, whereas at the highest ηH+/ηMo ratio (30.9), acid-catalyzed reactions dominated and promoted coke formation that resulted in catalyst deactivation. Considering that the in situ formation of MoS2 blocked some acid sites on the ASA, we introduced a new parameter that quantified the number of Brønsted acid sites available in the reactor system (ηH+c). We show that the total product yield correlated with ηH+c and that the maximum yield occurred for the catalyst with the highest ηH+c.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".