Bifunctionality of a MoS<sub>2</sub>-Amorphous Silica–Alumina-Dispersed Catalyst for Slurry-Phase Hydroconversion: Effect of Acid and Hydrogenating Site Ratios
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To achieve maximum yield from bifunctional catalysts in slurry-phase hydrocracking of heavy oil, an appropriate balance between the acidic and hydrogenating functions of the catalyst is required. In this study, the bifunctional behavior of MoS 2 -amorphous silica–alumina (ASA) catalysts was investigated by varying the number of Brønsted acid sites (ηH + ) and MoS 2 edge sites (ηMo) associated with ASA and MoS 2, respectively. Using a model feed consisting of phenanthrene and decalin, we report evidence of bifunctional catalysis for MoS 2 -ASA catalysts with ηH + /ηMo ratios between 3.1 and 15.5. Deviations from bifunctional behavior were also observed: at a low ηH + /ηMo ratio (0.39), phenanthrene hydrogenation was preferred, whereas at the highest ηH + /ηMo ratio (30.9), acid-catalyzed reactions dominated and promoted coke formation that resulted in catalyst deactivation. Considering that the in situ formation of MoS 2 blocked some acid sites on the ASA, we introduced a new parameter that quantified the number of Brønsted acid sites available in the reactor system (ηH + c ). We show that the total product yield correlated with ηH + c and that the maximum yield occurred for the catalyst with the highest ηH + c .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".