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Record W3177811043 · doi:10.4212/cjhp.v74i3.3151

Prescription Modification by Pharmacists in a Hospital Setting: Are Ontario Pharmacists Ready?

2021· article· en· W3177811043 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
Vincent Vuong, Ramola Bhojwani, Anjana Sengar, Allan Mills

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicPharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Canadian institutionsTrillium Health Centre
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCronbach's alphaMedical prescriptionConfidentialityFamily medicineMedicinePharmacistScope of practicePharmacyNursingClinical pharmacyHealth carePsychometricsClinical psychology

Abstract

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Background: Under Ontario’s Public Hospitals Act, the scope of professional practice of hospital pharmacists is approved by each hospital’s medical advisory committee. Some Ontario hospitals have adopted policies or medical directives related to prescription modification, allowing pharmacists to broadly adapt, discontinue, hold, or renew prescriptions as part of their clinical scope of practice. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to describe Ontario hospital pharmacists’ perception of their readiness to independently modify prescriptions. The secondary objectives of this study were to gather opinions on the perceived benefits, drawbacks, facilitators, and barriers to prescription modification by pharmacists and to determine how various factors affect perceived readiness. Methods: A confidential web-based survey with Likert-type quantitative questions and qualitative open-ended questions was distributed to 936 hospital pharmacists in Ontario between May and July 2019. Mean scores were calculated for the following constructs affecting prescription modification: self-efficacy, support from the practice environment, and support from interprofessional relationships. Independent t tests were conducted to compare responses between subgroups of interest. The answers to open-ended questions were analyzed thematically. Results: The survey had a 29% response rate (n = 271). The mean self-efficacy score was 5.2 out of 7 (standard deviation [SD] 1.0, Cronbach α = 0.88), equivalent to “quite sure”. The mean score for support from the practice environment was 3.3 out of 5 (SD 0.4, Cronbach α = 0.75), equivalent to “not a factor”. The mean score for support from interprofessional relationships was 4.2 out of 5 (SD 0.1, Cronbach α = 0.80), equivalent to “weak support”. Improved efficiency of care, timelier interventions to improve medication safety and efficacy, and improved interprofessional collaboration were cited as benefits of prescription modification by pharmacists. Potential for inappropriate decision-making and miscommunication were cited as concerns. Respondents in hospitals who were already performing prescription modification reported higher self-efficacy to modify prescriptions in clinical areas of both familiarity and unfamiliarity and greater support from prescribers. Conclusions: A large proportion of respondents to a survey of Ontario hospital pharmacists expressed an encouraging level of readiness to independently modify prescriptions. Responses to open-ended questions in this study provided valuable insights to inform widespread adoption of this practice change. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : En vertu de la Loi sur les hôpitaux publics de l’Ontario, le comité consultatif de chaque hôpital approuve l’élargissement de la pratique professionnelle des pharmaciens d’hôpitaux. Certains hôpitaux de l’Ontario ont adopté des politiques ou des directives médicales concernant la modification de la prescription. Celles-ci autorisent les pharmaciens à adapter, cesser, suspendre ou renouveler largement les prescriptions dans le cadre de leur champ de pratique. Objectifs : L’objectif principal de cette étude visait à décrire la perception des pharmaciens d’hôpitaux de l’Ontario de leur degré de préparation à modifier des prescriptions de manière indépendante. Les objectifs secondaires consistaient à recueillir les opinions sur les avantages, les inconvénients, les éléments de facilitation et les obstacles perçus par les pharmaciens au sujet de la modification de la prescription et de définir comment divers facteurs influençaient la perception de leur degré de préparation. Méthodes : Entre mai et juillet 2019, 936 pharmaciens d’hôpitaux en Ontario ont reçu une enquête confidentielle menée sur Internet comportant des questions quantitatives de type Likert et des questions ouvertes qualitatives. Les scores médians ont été calculés pour les concepts suivants liés à la modification de la prescription : l’autoefficacité, le soutien de l’environnement de pratique et le soutien des relations interprofessionnelles. Des tests t indépendants ont été menés pour comparer les réponses entre les sous-groupes sous-groupes qui intéressaient les auteurs. Les réponses aux questions ouvertes ont été analysées par thème. Résultats : Le taux de réponses à l’enquête se montait à 29 % (n = 271). Le score moyen pour le thème « Autoefficacité » était de 5,2 sur 7 (écart type [ET] 1, Cronbach α = 0,88), ce qui équivaut à la réponse « Assez certain ». Le score moyen pour le thème « Soutien de l’environnement de pratique » était de 3,3 sur 5 (ET 0,4, Cronbach α = 0,75), ce qui équivaut à la réponse « N’est pas un facteur ». Le score moyen pour le thème « Relations interprofessionnelles » était de 4,2 sur 5 (ET 0,1, Cronbach α = 0,80), ce qui équivaut à la réponse « Soutien faible ». Les pharmaciens ont cité l’amélioration de l’efficacité des soins, les interventions en temps opportun visant à améliorer l’innocuité et l’efficacité des médicaments ainsi que l’amélioration de la collaboration interprofessionnelle comme étant des avantages de la modification indépendante des prescriptions. Ils ont aussi indiqué que le risque de prise de décision inappropriée ainsi que la mauvaise communication constituaient pour eux un sujet de préoccupation. Les répondants qui pratiquaient déjà la modification de la prescription en milieu hospitalier ont indiqué un gain d’autoefficacité de la modification des prescriptions dans des domaines cliniques qui leur sont familiers ou non, ainsi qu’un plus grand soutien de la part des prescripteurs. Conclusions : Une grande partie des répondants à une enquête menée auprès de pharmaciens d’hôpitaux de l’Ontario ont jugé que leur degré de préparation à la modification indépendante des ordonnances était prometteur. Les réponses aux questions ouvertes de cette étude fournissent des éclaircissements précieux sur l’adoption généralisée de ce changement de pratique.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.013
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.329
Threshold uncertainty score0.662

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.013
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0020.001
Scholarly communication0.0020.001
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0030.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.092
GPT teacher head0.370
Teacher spread0.278 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations4
Published2021
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

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