Cardiorespiratory Fitness’ Indirect Assessment With Running Metabolic Equations Among Healthy Active Men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
VO2max is defined as the highest amount of oxygen the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems can supply and the highest amount of oxygen the muscular system can use during intense physical exertion. It is widely accepted as the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Unfortunately, accessibility to VO2max’s direct measurement is restricted. Therefore, several metabolic equations have been developed to estimate VO2max using indirect calculation. The most commonly used equations are those developed by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and recently, the research group of Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database developed a new metabolic equation (FRIEND). PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the ACSM and FRIEND equations to estimate VO2max comparatively to direct O2 consumption measurement in healthy active men. METHODS: 54 healthy active men aged between 19-60y.o. (36,6±5,4)(BMI: 24,1±2,6kg/m2) performed a maximal treadmill test using a metabolic cart (Vyntus CPX) to measure direct VO2max (mL O2/kg*min-1). VO2max estimation was then calculated using ACSM and FRIEND running metabolic equations. For analysis, they were separated in two age groups (18-34 vs 35-60y.o.) to evaluate if it has an impact on the metabolic equations used. Results were compared using a two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: When compared to the direct measurement (53,9±7,2 (18-34y.o.) and 49,8±4,4 (35-60y.o.)), both ACSM and FRIEND equations showed significantly higher results in both age group (mean overestimation: 12,7; p<0,001 and 3,7; p=0,005, respectively). However, the FRIEND equation was significantly lower than the ACSM equation (mean difference: 9,0; p<0,001). Moreover, ACSM showed a very large effect size (Hedge’s g=1,84) while FRIEND showed a medium effect size (Hedge’s g=0,58). As for the two age groups, results varied similarly using the two equations (p=0,781). CONCLUSIONS: The VO2max calculated with the metabolic equations for running showed overestimated values in our male sample. The average difference between direct and indirect measurement when using the FRIEND equation suggests a better accuracy. More research is needed to evaluate the accuracy in different populations and different fitness levels to optimize the VO2 estimation formula.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".