The quantum and electromagnetic process of photon emission by the hydrogen atom
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Light emitted from atoms during transitions of electrons from higher to lower discrete states has the form of photons carrying energy and angular momentum. This paper considers the process of emission of a single photon from the hydrogen atom by using quantum theory and Maxwell's equations [W. Gough, Eur. J. Phys. 17 , 208, 1996; L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965); J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (John Wiley & Son, New York, 1975, 1982); P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of Theoretical Physics (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1953)]. The electric and magnetic fields of a photon arise from the time-dependent quantum probability densities of the orbit and the spin current. This paper is an extension of the semiclassical description of photon emission published by the author earlier in 1999 [M. Kowalski, Phys. Essays 12 , 312 (1999)]. In the semiclassical approach, the Coulomb force and a radiation resistance force have been taken into account to get time-dependent emission of the photon. In both the quantum and semiclassical cases, the transition takes place within a time interval equal to one period of the photon's wave. The creation of a one-wavelength-long photon is supported by the results of experiments using ultrafast (ultrashort) laser pulses to generate excited atoms, which emit light pulses shorter than two photon wavelengths [F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 , 163 (2009); H. Kapteyn and M. Murnane, Phys. World 12 , 31 (1999)].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".