Association between the inability to identify particular odors and physical performance, cognitive function, and/or brain atrophy in community-dwelling older adults from the Fukuoka Island City study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Olfactory dysfunction is associated with severe brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. However, it remains unknown whether an inability to identify particular odors is associated with physical performance, cognitive function, and/or brain atrophy in community-dwelling older adults. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 44 community-dwelling older adults were included (14 males, 30 females; mean age: 72.4 ± 5.7 years, range: 63–85 years). The Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese, consisting of 12 odors, was used to examine olfaction. Subjects also completed physical performance (lower limb function, balance, and gait speed) and cognitive function (global cognition, logical memory, and the Trail Making Tests). Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate brain atrophy in the bilateral medial temporal area (MTA) and whole gray matter using the voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease. Results Total olfaction was not significantly associated with physical performance, cognitive function, or brain atrophy. However, MTA atrophy was associated with an inability to identify Japanese orange (B: − 0.293; β: − 0.347; p < .05) after adjusting for age and sex ( R 2 : 0.328; adjusted R 2 : 0.277). Subjects who were unable to identify Japanese orange ( n = 30) had worse MTA atrophy than those who were able to identify Japanese orange ( n = 14), even after adjusting for covariates ( p < .05). Conclusions Total olfaction was not associated with physical performance, cognitive function, or brain atrophy. However, an inability to identify Japanese orange odor was independently associated with mild MTA atrophy among community-dwelling older adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".