Making powder aerosol deposition accessible for small amounts: A novel and modular approach to produce dense ceramic films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Powder aerosol deposition is a promising technique to deposit dense ceramic films directly at room temperature. While previous developments pointed towards larger and more complex deposition devices, this work follows a different approach and proposes a simplified and miniaturized coating device (denoted as Micro‐PAD, µPAD). The aim is twofold: creating a smaller and flexible device consisting of an aerosol generation unit and a deposition chamber with a combined low areal footprint of 30 cm by 20 cm (that, e.g., easily fits in a glove box) as well as lowering the hurdle for other researchers to use the powder aerosol deposition. Therefore, we introduce a device mainly based on commercially available components/connectors as well as manual operated valves/flow meters. A key point is the elimination of moving components by just using a spot deposition that was enabled by using a circular de‐Laval‐type nozzle. The operational capability of µPAD is proven for the deposition of alumina films and compared to conventional PAD in terms of mechanical, crystalline, and optical film properties. Thick films with a bell‐shape‐like profile are deposited by µPAD, featuring a plateau in the center of the film with a diameter of 5 mm and a FWHM (full width at half maximum) diameter of about 10 mm. Alumina films produced by µPAD do not only match the properties of corresponding PAD films, but oftentimes outperform them. Here, µPAD films exhibit increased hardness and optical transmittance values, surpassing reference values of the conventional sprayed counterparts by at least 10%. Also, film integrity and adhesion to the substrate are slightly higher in case of µPAD. Reasons for the improved film properties are found by X‐ray diffraction, with a significantly higher fracturing of impacting particles during µPAD combined with improved film consolidation as observed by SEM. Furthermore, µPAD featured doubled to tripled the deposition rates and, markedly almost doubled the deposition efficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".