COINS OF PANTICAPAEUM AND PHANAGORIA OF THE 3rd QUARTER OF THE 1st CENTURY BCE AS A SOURCE OF HISTORICAL INFORMATION
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Статья посвящена оболам, тетрахалам и дихалкам чекана Пантикапея и Фанагории с бюстами Аполлона в лавровом венке, бородатого Геракла, а также Ники с шестиконечной звездой с длинными лучами на аверсе и с изображениями стрелы, лиры и пальмовой ветви, пасущегося пегаса, лука с горитом или со стрелой, лавровой ветви, перевитой лентой, палицы и львиной шкуры, а также проры корабля на реверсе. Их общепринятая классификация до сих пор не разработана, а потенциал как источника исторической информации не раскрыт. Решаем эту задачу, основываясь на результатах иконографического анализа. Выделяем в первую серию оболы со стрелой, лирой и пальмовой ветвью и тетрахалки с пасущимся пегасом на реверсе, выбитые на монетах Асандра. Судя по митридатидской символике, их отчеканили при Скрибонии. После его свержения в Пантикапее были выпущены тетрахалки с горитом и луком и дихалки с палицей и львиной шкурой на реверсе. Относим эти монеты ко второй серии Пантикапея. В Фанагории в период восстания чеканили тетрахалки с пальмовой ветвью. Выделяем их во вторую серию Фанагории. А после победы инсургентов выпустили тетрахалки с луком и стрелой на реверсе. Относим их к третьей серии Фанагории. Судя по разнообразию символики монет, после гибели Скрибония Боспорское государство распалось. В начале правления Полемона I в Пантикапее и в Фанагории были отчеканены однотипные тетрахалки с бюстом Аполлона на аверсе и с пророй корабля на реверсе, что свидетельствует о восстановлении единства государства. Относим эти монеты к третьей серии Пантикапея и четвертой серии Фанагории. Как видим, привлекшие наше внимание монеты как нельзя лучше проиллюстрировали события, произошедшие на Боспоре в последней трети I в. до н.э. The article focuses on the obols, tetrachalkoi and dichalkoi of the Panticapaeum and Phanagoria mints with busts of Apollo in a laurel wreath, bearded Hercules as well as Nike with six-pointed star with long rays on the obverse and with images of an arrow, lyre and palm branch, grazing Pegasus, bow with gorytos or laurel branch, intertwined with ribbon, club and lion’s skin, as well as ship’s prora on the reverse. Their generally accepted classification has not yet been developed, and their potential as a source of historical information has not been revealed. We solve this problem based on the results of iconographic analysis. In the first series, we single out obols with an arrow, lyre and palm branch and tetrachalkoi with a grazing Pegasus on the reverse, embossed on Asander’s coins. Judging by the Mithridatidic symbolism, they were minted in the time of Scribonius. After his overthrow in Panticapaeum, tetrachalkoi with gorytos and a bow and dichalkoi with club and lion’s skin on the reverse were issued. We attribute these coins to the second series of Panticapaeum. In Phanagoria during the period of the uprising, tetrachalkoi with a palm branch were minted. We select them in the second series of Phanagoria. And after the victory of the insurgents, they fired tetrachalkoi with a bow and arrow on the reverse. We attribute them to the third series of Phanagoria. Judging by the variety of coin symbols, after the death of Scribonius, the Bosporus state collapsed. At the beginning of the reign of Polemon I, in Panticapaeum and in Phanagoria, the same type of tetrachalke with a bust of Apollo on the obverse and with ship’s prora on the reverse were minted, which testifies to the restoration of the unity of the state. We attribute these coins to the third series of Panticapaeum and the fourth series of Phanagoria. As we can see, the coins that attracted our attention perfectly illustrated the events that took place in the Bosporus in the last third of the 1st century BCE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".