Bibliographic record
Abstract
Free speech is engaged when courts enjoin defamatory or allegedly defamatory speech on an interlocutory or permanent basis. This paper explores the justifiable scope of defamation injunctions and compares that to what courts do.\nThe study reveals that Canadian defamation injunctions regularly go far beyond what is justifiable. For example, 16% of defamation injunctions involved orders not to speak about the plaintiff at all, which is overbroad since that includes true and otherwise lawful speech. Other orders prohibit saying disparaging (as opposed to unlawful) things—again overbroad. Orders not to defame may be vague because it is unclear whether, in context, a future publication will be defamatory. There are narrow circumstances in which orders not to defame may be justified but such orders are often made when a narrower injunction—or none at all—would be appropriate.\nLa liberté d'expression est engagée lorsque les tribunaux ordonnent l'interdiction d'un discours diffamatoire ou prétendument diffamatoire sur une base interlocutoire ou permanente. Cet article examine dans quelle mesure les injonctions en matière de diffamation sont justifiables et com-pare cela à ce que font les tribunaux.\nL'étude révèle que les injonctions canadiennes en matière de diffamation vont régulièrement bien au-delà de ce qui est justifiable. Par exemple, 16 % des injonctions en diffamation consistaient en des or-donnances interdisant de ne pas parler du tout du plaignant, ce qui dépasse la mesure puisque cela inclut des propos vrais et par ailleurs légaux. D'autres ordonnances interdisent de dire des choses désobligeantes (par opposition à illégales), ce qui également dépasse la mesure. Les ordonnances de non diffamation peuvent être vagues parce qu'il n'est pas clair si, dans le contexte, une future publication sera diffamatoire. Il existe des circonstances limitées dans lesquelles les ordonnances de non diffamation peuvent être justifiées, mais de telles ordonnances sont souvent rendues lorsqu'une injonction de portée plus limitée voire aucune, serait appropriée.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".