<scp>MW</scp> ‐assisted hydrothermal liquefaction of spent coffee grounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an attractive technology to process biomass to biocrude and hydrochar, and most studies have been using batch, tube, or continuous reactors with conventional heating. Attempts on microwave (MW)‐assisted HTL (MW‐HTL) is limited, and the effect of the heating rate on product distribution remains unexplored. There is also a lack of information on the MW effect in HTL processes. This study focused on the HTL of spent coffee grounds (SCG, most of which are currently disposed of in landfills) under MW irradiation. The investigation on the effect of heating rate revealed that increasing heating rate from 4.5 to 13.5°C/min promoted the biocrude formation and reduced the amount of solid residue. A low feedstock concentration of 8.3 wt.% was favourable for MW‐HTL of SCG compared to 14.3 wt.%. At a reaction temperature of 270°C, the biocrude yield gradually increased from 20.9 to 30.1 wt.% in response to an increase in reaction time from 0 to 20 min. In terms of the quality of products derived from MW‐HTL, the biocrude exhibited a satisfactory higher heating value (31.3 MJ/kg), and the solid residue, hydrochar, had a high specific surface area of 247.5 m 2 /g. As for the MW effect, MW and conventional heating resulted in comparable biocrude yield (27.8 vs. 25.7 wt.%, respectively). The characterization of biocrude, hydrochar, and aqueous phase also suggested that MW irradiation had no significant promotion effect on HTL under the experimental conditions in the study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".