Phylogenetic distribution and expression pattern analyses identified a divergent basal body assembly protein involved in land plant spermatogenesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Oogamy is a form of sexual reproduction and evolved independently in animals, fungi, and plants. In streptophyte plants, Charophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae, bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns (monilophytes), and some gymnosperms (Cycads and Ginkgo) utilize spermatozoids as the male gamete. Plant spermatozoids commonly possess characteristic structures such as the spline, which consists of a microtubule array, the multilayered structure (MLS) in which the uppermost layer is continuum of the spline, and multiple flagella. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant spermatogenesis remain to be elucidated. To identify the genes involved in plant spermatogenesis, we performed computational analyses and successfully found deeply divergent BLD10 s by combining multiple methods and omics-data. We then validated the functions of candidate genes in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the moss Physcomitrium patens and found that Mp BLD10 and Pp BLD10 are required for normal basal body and flagella formation. Mp bld10 mutants exhibited defects in remodeling of the cytoplasm and nucleus during spermatozoid formation, thus Mp BLD10 should be involved in chromatin reorganization and elimination of the cytoplasm during spermiogenesis. Streptophyte BLD10s are orthologous to BLD10/CEP135 family proteins, which function in basal body assembly, but we found that BLD10s evolved especially fast in land plants and MpBLD10 might obtain additional functions in spermatozoid formation through the fast molecular evolution. This study provides a successful example of combinatorial study from evolutionary and molecular genetic perspectives that elucidated a function of the key protein of the basal body formation that fast evolved in land plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".