(Invited) A Stable Integrated Photoelectrochemical Reactor for Hydrogen Production from Water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Among the major challenges in solar water, splitting to molecular hydrogen and oxygen is making a stable and affordable system for largescale applications. In this work we present results of the design, fabrication, and testing a photoelectrochemical reactor composed of the following. 1) An integrated device to reduce the balance of the system cost. 2) A concentrated sunlight to reduce the photoabsorber cost. 3) An alkaline electrolyte to reduce catalyst cost and eliminate external thermal management needs. The system consists of an III-V-based photovoltaic cell integrated with Ni foil as catalyst for oxygen production that also protects the cell from corrosion. At low light concentration and without the use of optical lenses, the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency was found to be 18.3%, while at high light concentration (up to 207 suns) with the use of optical lenses, the STH efficiency was 13%. Catalytic tests conducted for over 100 hours at 100–200 suns showed no sign of degradation nor deviation from product stoichiometry (H 2 /O 2 =2). Further tests projected a system stability of over nine years. Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".