Comparison of Ketamine–Dexmedetomidine–Midazolam Versus Alfaxalone–Dexmedetomidine–Midazolam Administered Intravenously to American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Crocodilians often require chemical immobilization for safe restraint and veterinary procedures, but there is a paucity of anesthetic studies for these species. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of ketamine (5 mg/kg) versus alfaxalone (5 mg/kg), in combination with dexmedetomidine (50 µg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KDM, ADM), to provide a loss of reflexes and safe orotracheal intubation without producing apnea in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Six 22-month-old captive-hatched American alligators (4.75 ± 0.48 kg and body length of 111.1 ± 9.9 cm) were administered KDM and ADM in the lateral occipital venous sinus in a randomized, crossover design with a 72–80 h washout period between treatments. Physiologic parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, esophageal and cloacal temperatures, end-tidal CO2) and reflexes (palpebral, cloacal, corneal, righting, withdrawal) were serially assessed throughout the anesthetic episode. Alligators were intubated, and assisted ventilation was provided to apneic animals. Intubation was safely performed within 10 min of administration of ADM and KDM. Respiratory rate was the only physiological parameter to differ between ADM and KDM. The majority (5/6, 83.3%) of alligators administered KDM maintained spontaneous ventilation (P = 0.016) and withdrawal reflexes (P = 0.031), and all alligators (6/6, 100%) given ADM became apneic and lost their withdrawal reflexes in all four limbs. Palpebral, cloacal, and righting reflexes were consistently lost in all animals with both combinations. Recovery time ranged from 5 to 35 min following administration of the reversal agents. Although KDM and ADM both permitted orotracheal intubation, KDM produced less apnea and a lighter plane of anesthesia compared to ADM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".