Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Research on the evolution of traits in regard to predator-prey relationships can illuminate the effects of migrating species and invasive species on native populations, which is increasingly relevant with heightened anthropogenic environmental disturbances shifting territories of native species. Methods: We used a replicated field experiment to test the effects that predators have on the phenotype of Anolis smaragdinus in the Bahamas. It was predicted that A. smaragdinus would rapidly evolve over six generations to have shorter fore and hind limb lengths due to the presence of the predator, Leiocephalus carinatus, driving A. sagrei and A. smaragdinus into higher habitats, which selects for shorter limb lengths. Results: ANCOVAs were performed for male and female A. smaragdinus, where only two of the thirteen measured traits, ulna length and third toe length in females, were found to have a significant year by treatment interaction between 2011 and 2017. We observed a general reduction in mean trait size when predators are present. Therefore, predators may be driving A. smaragdinus to higher perching sites which selects for smaller limb length. Also, it was found that populations of A. smaragdinus may be able to evolve in as little as six generations when predators and competitors are present. Limitations: A longer study is needed to see if other trait changes would become significant over time, since the residual means are trending in one direction. Another suggestion is to do a study with fewer experimental islands and larger founder populations. This would violate the meaning of a true founder population; however, it may allow A. smaragdinus to become fully integrated within the new environment and lead to a smaller chance of extinction. Conclusion: The study showed that the introduction of predators may cause significant phenotypic changes in female A. smaragdinus’ ulna and third toe length, while also showing a general reduction in mean trait size when predators are present. Therefore, predators may be driving A. smaragdinus to higher perching sites which selects for smaller limb length. However, the study did not show a significant change in either the fore limb length or the hind limb length between 2011 and 2017 which was predicted originally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".