Rheological modeling of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) using the Kaye–Bernstein, Kearsley, Zapas (K–BKZ) constitutive law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) comprise a thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) matrix and a dynamically vulcanized ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. Several model TPVs of known composition were studied rheologically in both shear and elongation to understand and model their response using the Kaye–Bernstein, Kearsley, Zapas (K–BKZ) rheological law. A new technique is proposed to capture the effects of yielding and wall slip using the K–BKZ model. Moreover, the linear viscoelastic behavior of the TPVs was investigated, and it was found that all the TPVs exhibit a universal relaxation modulus (power-law with added yield). All TPVs exhibited a yield stress due to the presence of curing at the PP/EPDM interface evident from simple shear and uniaxial extensional experiments. The damping function was also determined, and it was shown to follow the universal Zapas relation. Finally, due to their elastomeric nature, TPVs slip significantly. Overall, it is shown that the use of the K–BKZ with yield stress and slip can capture well their rheological response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".