Small‐Scale Topographic Effects on the Generation of Along‐Shelf Propagating Internal Solitary Waves on the Amazon Shelf
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigates along‐shelf propagating internal solitary waves (ISWs) on the Amazon Shelf using satellite observations and numerical modeling. These ISWs appear as streak‐like patterns in satellite images along a narrow path within the North Brazilian Current (NBC), propagating against the current. The streak‐like patterns of the along‐shelf propagating ISWs are a result of the quasi‐two‐dimensional bathymetry below, suggesting the possibility of using sea surface imprints to detect the topographic features beneath. In this study, both the effects of the NBC and tidal current on ISW generation are considered over irregular seafloor. Near‐critical conditions (internal Froude number close to 1) created by the joint effects of the NBC and the tides result in ISW generation, while the dominant subcritical conditions result in the upstream propagation of these ISWs. Both the NBC and tidal currents are needed to continuously generate ISWs. This study demonstrates that small‐scale topographic features can result in the generation of large numbers of ISWs, which are expected to significantly contribute to ocean mixing and, potentially, sediment resuspension. The ISW‐induced current also contributes to sea surface wave breaking as observed by satellites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".