First- and second-order transformational apparent motion rely on common shape representations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When one figure is replaced with another that overlaps its spatial location, observers perceive an illusory, continuous shape change of the original object, a phenomenon known as transformational apparent motion (TAM). The current study investigated the extent to which TAM depends on a common, high-level shape representation that is independent of the shape-defining attribute. Specifically, we tested whether TAM is perceived similarly for both first- and second-order objects, defined by luminance and texture contrast, respectively. A compelling motion percept was observed in second-order TAM displays that was comparable to that seen in first-order TAM displays. Importantly, TAM for both stimulus classes showed the same pattern over a range of stimulus onset asynchronies. These results support the high-level shape account, indicating that TAM is driven by segmentation mechanisms that rely on high-level shape information rather than low-level visual characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".