Oral vaccination stimulates neutrophil functionality and exerts protection in a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection model
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) causes paratuberculosis (PTB), a granulomatous enteritis in ruminants that exerts high economic impact on the dairy industry worldwide. Current vaccines have shown to be cost-effective against Map and in some cases confer beneficial non-specific effects against other pathogens suggesting the existence of trained immunity. Although Map infection is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route, oral vaccination has not been deeply studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the oral route with a set of mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial vaccines with a subcutaneously administered commercially available vaccine. Training effects on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and homologous and heterologous in vivo protection against Map were investigated in the rabbit infection model. Oral vaccination with inactivated or live vaccines was able to activate mucosal immunity as seen by elevation of serum IgA and the expression of IL4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, peripheral PMN phagocytosis against Map was enhanced by vaccination and extracellular trap release against Map and non-related pathogens was modified by both, vaccination and Map-challenge, indicating trained immunity. Finally, PBMCs from vaccinated animals stimulated in vitro with Map antigens showed a rapid innate activation cytokine profile. In conclusion, our data show that oral vaccination against PTB can stimulate neutrophil activity and both innate and adaptive immune responses that correlate with protection.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it