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Addendum: The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans
Sanna Gudmundsson, Konrad J. Karczewski, Laurent C. Francioli, Grace Tiao, Beryl B. Cummings, Jessica Alföldi, Qingbo S. Wang, Ryan L. Collins, Kristen M. Laricchia, Andrea Ganna, Daniel P. Birnbaum, Laura D. Gauthier, Harrison Brand, Matthew Solomonson, Nicholas A. Watts, Daniel R. Rhodes, Moriel Singer‐Berk, Eleina England, Eleanor G. Seaby, Jack A. Kosmicki, Raymond K. Walters, Katherine Tashman, Yossi Farjoun, Eric Banks, Timothy Poterba, Arcturus Wang, Cotton Seed, Nicola Whiffin, Jessica X. Chong, Kaitlin E. Samocha, Emma Pierce‐Hoffman, Zachary Zappala, Anne O’Donnell‐Luria, Eric Vallabh Minikel, Ben Weisburd, Monkol Lek, James S. Ware, Christopher Vittal, Irina M. Armean, Louis Bergelson, Kristian Cibulskis, Kristen M. Connolly, Miguel Covarrubias, Stacey Donnelly, Steven Ferriera, Stacey Gabriel, Jeff Gentry, Namrata Gupta, Thibault Jeandet, Diane Kaplan, Christopher Llanwarne, Ruchi Munshi, Sam Novod, Nikelle Petrillo, David Roazen, Valentín Ruano-Rubio, Andrea Saltzman, Molly Schleicher, José Soto, Kathleen Tibbetts, Charlotte Tolonen, Gordon Wade, Michael E. Talkowski, Carlos A. Aguilar‐Salinas, Tariq Ahmad, Christine M. Albert, Diego Ardissino, Gil Atzmon, J. A. Barnard, Laurent Beaugerie, Emelia J. Benjamin, Michael Boehnke, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Erwin P. Böttinger, Donald W. Bowden, Matthew J. Bown, John C. Chambers, Juliana C.N. Chan, Daniel I. Chasman, Judy H. Cho, Mina K. Chung, Bruce M. Cohen, Adolfo Correa, Dana Dabelea, Mark J. Daly, Dawood Darbar, Ravindranath Duggirala, Josée Dupuis, Patrick T. Ellinor, Roberto Elosúa, Jeanette Erdmann, Tõnu Esko, Martti Färkkilâ, José C. Florez, Andre Franke, Gad Getz, Benjamin Gläser, Stephen J. Glatt, David Goldstein, Clicerio González, Leif Groop, Christopher Haiman, Craig L. Hanis, Matthew Harms, Mikko Hiltunen, Matti Holi, Christina M. Hultman, Mikko Kallela, Jaakko Kaprio, Sekar Kathiresan, Bong-Jo Kim, Young Jin Kim, George Kirov, Jaspal S. Kooner, Seppo Koskinen, Harlan M. Krumholz, Subra Kugathasan, Soo Heon Kwak, Markku Laakso, Terho Lehtimäki, Ruth J. F. Loos, Steven A. Lubitz, Ronald C.W., Daniel G. MacArthur, Jaume Marrugat, Kari M. Mattila, Steven A. McCarroll, Mark I. McCarthy, Dermot McGovern, Ruth McPherson, James B. Meigs, Olle Melander, Andres Metspalu, Benjamin M. Neale, Peter M. Nilsson, Michael O‘Donovan, Döst Öngür, Lorena Orozco, Michael J. Owen, Aarno Palotie, Kyong Soo Park, Carlos N. Pato, Ann E. Pulver, Nazneen Rahman, Anne M. Remes, John D. Rioux, Samuli Ripatti, Dan M. Roden, Danish Saleheen, Veikko Salomaa, Nilesh J. Samani, Jeremiah M. Scharf, Heribert Schunkert, M. Benjamin Shoemaker, Pamela Sklar, Hilkka Soininen, Harry Sokol, Tim D. Spector, Patrick F. Sullivan, Jaana Suvisaari, E Shyong Tai, Yik Ying Teo, Ming T. Tsuang, Dan Turner, Teresa Tusié‐Luna, Erkki Vartiainen, Marquis P. Vawter, Hugh Watkins, Rinse K. Weersma, Maija Wessman, James G. Wilson, Ramnik J. Xavier
Bibliographic record
VenueNature · 2021
Typeerratum
Languageen
FieldBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
TopicGenomics and Rare Diseases
Canadian institutionsUniversité de MontréalMontreal Heart InstituteUniversity of Ottawa
FundersNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institute of Mental HealthNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchWellcome Trust
KeywordsAddendumVariation (astronomy)Constraint (computer-aided design)Spectrum (functional analysis)Computational biologyBiologyGeneticsMathematicsPhysicsPhilosophy
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesResearch integrity
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.444
Threshold uncertainty score0.999
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.246
Teacher spread0.239 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations63
Published2021
Admission routes1
Has abstractno