Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Sufism, Sheikh or Murshid has fundamental importance. A perfect Sheikh is one whose chain of allegiance is valid up to the Messenger of Allah; who have spent a lifetime in austerities and worship. The Sheikh guides his disciples and brings them closer to God. Over time, this notion of Sufi Sheikh declined and many faults arose in this regard. This corrupted concept of Sheikh was tried to be improved by different scholars and Sufis. In Indo-Pak subcontinent, the most prominent of these personalities is the famous revivalist Syed Ahmad Shaheed (1786-1831). He introduced "Tareeqa-e-Muhammadia" in Sufism, the aim of which was to reform the innovations and “Bidʻāt” in Sufism. Syed Ahmad believed that the first source of guidance was Quran and Sunnah. If a Sheikh does something contrary to Quran and Sunnah, he should be stopped immediately. This paper presents a study of the thoughts and ideas of Syed Ahmad Shaheed on devotion to a Sufi Sheikh. It starts with the exaggerated ideas of Sufism in terms of devotion to Sheikh, and then presents the reforming thoughts of Syed Ahmad’s “Tareeqa-e-Muhammadia”. The primary purpose of the movement of “Tareeqa-e-Muhammadia” was to make Muslims committed and practicing Muslims. “Tareeqa-e-Muhammadia” negates all types of Shirk with Allah Almighty. Syed Ahmad waged a jihad to rid Sufism of the influence of Hindu ideologies, in which a Sufi Sheikh attains the status of a deity. To seek help and guidance from prophets, saints, imams etc. was declared against “Aqīda-e-Tawhīd”.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.948 | 0.966 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".