Single Pass CO<sub>2</sub> Conversion Exceeding 85% in the Electrosynthesis of Multicarbon Products via Local CO<sub>2</sub> Regeneration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) presents the opportunity to consume CO 2 and produce desirable products. However, the alkaline conditions required for productive CO 2 RR result in the bulk of input CO 2 being lost to bicarbonate and carbonate. This loss imposes a 25% limit on the conversion of CO 2 to multicarbon (C 2+ ) products for systems that use anions as the charge carrier—and overcoming this limit is a challenge of singular importance to the field. Here, we find that cation exchange membranes (CEMs) do not provide the required locally alkaline conditions, and bipolar membranes (BPMs) are unstable, delaminating at the membrane–membrane interface. We develop a permeable CO 2 regeneration layer (PCRL) that provides an alkaline environment at the CO 2 RR catalyst surface and enables local CO 2 regeneration. With the PCRL strategy, CO 2 crossover is limited to 15% of the amount of CO 2 converted into products, in all cases. Low crossover and low flow rate combine to enable a single pass CO 2 conversion of 85% (at 100 mA/cm 2 ), with a C 2+ faradaic efficiency and full cell voltage comparable to the anion-conducting membrane electrode assembly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".