Embedding free versus slave labor regulation in thetransatlantic British Empire and the United States, 1835-1860
Bibliographic record
Abstract
EnglishThis study problematizes the historical perspective of jurisdiction specific legal analysis by examining the international context of the development of national labor regulatory regimes in the United States and the United Kingdom during the transatlantic immigrant and antislavery crises in the mid-nineteenth century.2 This period is critical because of the desperate pressure these crises placed on large sources of labor at the bottom of society, poor immigrants and slaves. Starvation and enslavement compelled unprecedented migrations across national borders and within countries to different regions. The mobility of the populations brought them into contact with diverse forms of governance, from the regional differences within the balance of American federalism, to the competing national identities of the English, Irish and Canadian components of the British Empire. As a result, the transatlantic and intercontinental migrations are a particularly useful example for illustrating the importance of international context in the development of the law because of the different ways each governmental body responded to the social pressures. This study shows how the multiple and complex intergovernmental regulatory networks relating to the mobility of this labor force developed in an international context, not solely within the development of isolated national legal systems.3 portuguesEste estudo problematiza a perspectiva historica da analise juridica especificada jurisdicao, examinando o contexto internacional do desenvolvimento nacional do trabalho de regimes reguladores nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido durante a imigracao transatlântica e a crise abolicionista em meados do seculo XIX. Esse periodo e critico devido a pressao desesperada que essas crises colocaram em grandes fontes de trabalho na base da hierarquia da sociedade, imigrantes pobres e escravos. A fome e a escravidao obrigaram migracoes sem precedentes atraves das fronteiras nacionais e dentro dos paises em diferentes regioes. A mobilidade das populacoes a pos em contato com diversas formas de governanca, a partir das diferencas regionais no equilibrio do federalismo americano, para as concorrentes identidades nacionais dos ingleses, irlandeses e canadenses componentes do Imperio Britânico. Como resultado, as migracoes transatlânticas e intercontinentais sao um exemplo particularmente util para ilustrar a importância do contexto internacional no desenvolvimento da lei por causa dos diferentes modos como cada orgao governamental respondeu as pressoes sociais. Este estudo mostra como as multiplas e complexas redes reguladoras intergovernamentais em materia de mobilidade dessa forca de trabalho se desenvolveram em um contexto internacional, nao apenas no âmbito do desenvolvimento dos sistemas juridicos nacionais isolados.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".