Experimental Study of a Noncircular Corrugated Steel Culvert at Different Shallow Cover Depths
Bibliographic record
Abstract
North American bridge design codes recommend a minimum burial depth for culverts to prevent failure during construction or under vehicle loading. The design of flexible culverts, such as those made of corrugated steel plate, has historically focused on circumferential force in the conduit walls (i.e., hoop thrust) as the critical failure mode. However, recent studies have shown that bending stresses are often of the same magnitude as hoop stresses, especially for noncircular pipe culverts with cover depths that are at or near the recommended minimum level. To investigate this issue, an elliptical corrugated steel culvert with span of 1,650 mm, rise of 1,300 mm, and corrugation profile with a 25 mm amplitude and 75 mm wavelength was tested at different cover depths ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 m under simulated vehicle loading. The culvert’s response to live load quantifies just how much more dominant bending moment is than thrust. When combined earth and live loading is considered, moments are still important, and the results quantify the transition from a flexural, live load dominated response at extremely shallow cover depths to a more earth load dominated response at cover depths greater than 500 mm.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".