Testing the Speed of Light Variation with Strong Gravitational Lensing of SNe 1a
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The constancy of the speed of light c is the foundation of most physical theories and is found to be indeed constant from local measurements. Whether or not the same is true at cosmological timescale has been of interest for some time. The measurement of time delay difference in the peaking of the luminosity between two gravitationally lensed images of a type 1a-supernova has recently been proposed to determine if c was different from its current value at the time the images were produced by a lensing galaxy. Since the geometrical time delay and the Shapiro time delay both scale as G / c 3 we show that this method of constraining c is valid only when the potential variation of the gravitational constant G is ignored: c variation is imperceptible when G ∼ c 3 .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it