Mechanical Characterization and Damage Analysis of Carbon/Flax Hybrid Laminates with Holes Machined by Abrasive Water Jet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper experimentally examines the influence of abrasive water jet (AWJ) machined holes on the mechanical performance and damage evolution of flax/epoxy and carbon/flax/epoxy hybrid composites. The specimens were made of unidirectional flax fiber (F) and woven carbon fiber (C) in four configurations: unidirectional flax [0 F]16 (UD-F), unidirectional hybrid [0–90C2/0 F6]S (UD-CF), cross-ply [0–90C2/(0/90)F6]S (CF [0/90]), and angle-ply [0–90C2/(±45)F6]S (CF [±45]). The specimens were subjected to static and quasi-static load-unload tensile tests until failure and the damage evolution and plastic strain were monitored. Results revealed severe delamination induced by AWJ at the entry and the exit of the hole in UD-CF and CF [±45] samples, and no delamination was evident in the flax/epoxy plies. The specimens with holes showed pronounced stiffness degradation compared to hole-free specimens. A similar trend was observed in their permanent plastic strain. The cross-ply hybrids showed the lowest increase in damage. While all hybrids exhibited failure by carbon fiber breakage and delamination at the carbon–flax interface, only the laminates with unidirectional flax plies failed by fiber splitting around the hole.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".