Income Inequalities and Risk of Early Rehospitalization for Diabetes, Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure in the Canadian Working-Age Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: In the Canadian context of universal health-care coverage, income inequalities are understudied as potentially predictive of the timings and patterns of repeat hospitalizations for diabetes, despite this condition requiring self-care practices entailing appreciable out-of-pocket expenses in daily life. In this study, we examined the relationships between income disparities and risk of earlier readmission for diabetes and commonly comorbid chronic conditions in the working-age population. METHODS: The cohort study exploited 2006 population census data linked longitudinally to 3 years of hospital records from the Discharge Abstract Database among adults 25 to 64 years of age. Multiple regression survival models were used to test the associations of income group with cause-specific times to rehospitalization for diabetes (types 1 and 2) and 5 additional conditions, controlling for other individual sociodemographics. RESULTS: The mean time to rehospitalization for diabetes was 223 days (N=4,540). Compared with those in the lowest income quintile, the adjusted risk of earlier readmission was significantly lower among inpatients in the highest income quintile for diabetes (hazard ratio [HR]=0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 0.99) and for the diabetes-concordant conditions of congestive heart failure (HR=0.81; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.99) and hypertension (HR=0.85; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.95). No significant associations between income and readmission intervals were observed for the discordant conditions of angina, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CONCLUSIONS: Delays in rehospitalization for diabetes and concordant conditions among the most affluent suggest the persistence of income-mediated differences in individuals' ability to manage these conditions. Further research is needed to understand the specific financial burdens of disease management on patients and their households that may accelerate the risk of repeat hospitalization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".