The Origin, Evolution and Spread of Wheat based on the Evidence of Archaeology and Genomics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wheat is a cereal crop belonging to Triticum genus of the family of Gramineae with the Latin scitific name as Triticum aestivum L., which is divided into diploid wheat, tetraploid wheat and hexaploid wheat. As early as 10 000 BC, wheat was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, and its westward spread to Europe was well discussed and argued, while its eastward spread to China was controversial. Archaeological evidence indicates that there may be two routes for wheat to be introduced into China from west Asia, one is the famous silk road, the other is the Eurasian steppe passage. Up to now, there are about 20 species of Triticum. Among them, bread wheat (T. aestivum, AABBDD), also known as common wheat, is the most widely cultivated wheat variety, and also is a typical allohexaploid. Researchers are very enthusiastic about the origin of its genome A, B and D. Among them, genome A derived from T. urartu (AA) and genome D derived from Aegilops tauschii have been successfully identified, while the study on the origin of genome B has always been controversial. Recent studies by North Dakota State University showed that Ae. speltoides was involved in the origin of wheat B genome, but should not be considered as the only donor of this genome. The origin of wheat B genome might have a polyphyletic origin, involving multiple ancestors, including Ae. speltoides. This review provides some insights on the origin, evolution and spread of wheat based on the latest evidences of Archaeology and genomics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".