Insulated from Justice? Religious Expulsion Before Canadian Courts in the post-Highwood Era
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Judicial consideration of religious disputes prompt concerns that the legal system may delve into issues of a spiritual nature that should enjoy some insulation from legal comment or intervention. These concerns are only heightened in instances where the dispute concerns the very serious issue of the expulsion of a member from their religious community. While necessary care is warranted in these sensitive circumstances, a blanket prohibition on legal intervention in instances of religious expulsion creates the possibility that a member of a religious community may experience the devastation of expulsion in an unfair and unjust manner. This paper, written prior to the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Canada St. Mary Cathedral v Aga but anticipating its outcome, argues that Canadian law lacks a proper framework to facilitate appropriate legal consideration of these sensitive disputes where such consideration is necessary.\nL’examen judiciaire des litiges religieux suscite des inquiétudes quant à la possibilité que le système juridique s’immisce dans des questions de nature spirituelle qui devraient être protégées de tout commentaire ou intervention juridique. Ces inquiétudes sont encore plus vives dans les cas où le litige porte sur la question très grave de l’expulsion d’un membre de sa communauté religieuse. Bien qu’une attention nécessaire soit justifiée dans ces circonstances délicates, interdire de manière générale l’intervention juridique dans les cas d’expulsion religieuse crée la possibilité qu’un membre d’une communauté religieuse fasse la douloureuse expérience de l’expulsion d’une manière injuste et inéquitable. Dans le présent article, rédigé avant la décision de la Cour suprême du Canada dans l’affaire Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Canada St. Mary Cathedral c. Aga, mais anticipant son résultat, nous soutenons que le droit canadien ne dispose pas d’un cadre adéquat pour faciliter l’examen juridique approprié de ces différends sensibles lorsqu’un tel examen est nécessaire.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.042 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".