A review of the Bakken petroleum systems in the United States and Canada: Recognizing the importance of the Middle Member play
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Williston Basin has proven to be a global super basin. Initially, development across this basin was dominated by conventional production from the Madison Group and Ordovician oil systems; however, with the development of unconventional play opportunities, the biggest resource in the Williston Basin is now the Middle Member of the Bakken Formation. The Middle Member was not pursued as a reservoir because of its low porosity and permeability, the low thermal maturity of the juxtaposed Bakken shales, low resistivity, and perceived lack of oil saturation. This paper will review how geochemical data were used to challenge and explain those initial assumptions with particular focus on the discovery and development of the Parshall field. Unconventional and hybrid plays are complex systems, and although much of the geochemical focus details organofacies or maturity concerns, numerous other processes including sorption, alteration, mixing, and evaporative fractionation can and commonly will influence the interpretation of the results and therefore must be considered. The geochemical techniques discussed in this paper are used to calculate oil saturation and more appropriately, mobile oil saturation, from core data requiring accounting for oil evaporative losses to fully define the workings of the Bakken petroleum system and the Middle Member as the key reservoir.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".